Contrast Transfer Function (CTF): function that describes the transfer of information from the object (i.e., the object's projection) to the contrast observed in the image for bright field electron microscopy (the usual mode of imaging). If both object and image contrast are expressed in terms of their Fourier transforms O(k) and I(k), then I(k) = CTF(k) * O(k). The two-dimensional variable k = (kx , ky ) is called spatial frequency. In the absence of astigmatism, the contrast transfer function is a function of the radius k = sqrt(kx**2 + ky**2 ) only - transfer of information is not direction-dependent.

 

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